About this blog

This blog is created to help medical students learning pathology in school, preparing for their boards and applying diagnostic approaches during their clinical rotation. The goal is to make a brief, yet precise, note style reference so that they can easily grasp the most important concepts for pathology of relatively commonly seen diseases in daily practice and national boards.

The practice questions are designed to help users to understand important concepts, develop problem solving skills, differentiate the most unique characteristics between disorders, and explain clinically relevant pathogenesis and diagnostic approaches. They are not exactly board style, although might be similar.

This blog is expected to be updated frequently. The comment sections are open. Constructive criticism is always welcome. Comments that are irrelevant to the contents will be labeled as spam and deleted.

It is recommended that this blog be used together with the course materials and other references for board preparation.

I would like to thank Wei Gong, MD, my wife, and Jenny Liu, DO, Nathan Aquino, DO, Haowei Han, DO, former osteopathic medicine students at Lincoln Memorial University DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine for their valuable feedback.

Special thanks to Leilei Chen, MD, PhD, Associated Professor, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, for proof reading the chapters of hematopoietic neoplasms and bleeding disorders.

Special thanks to Peng Lee, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Pathology and Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, for proof reading the chapter of Tumor and Tumor Like Lesions of Kidney. 

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Contents

Pathology notes Jun Wang, MD, PhD 1. General information Frequently discussed syndromes Terms of dermatology Terms of hematology 2. Primary immunodeficiency disorders 3. Hemodynamic abnormalities Shock Thrombosis and embolism Bleeding disorders 4.  Benign blood cell disorders Anemia Benign white cell disorders 5. Hematopoietic neoplasms Lymphoid neoplasms Myeloid neoplasms Histiocytic neoplasms: Langerhans cell histiocytosis 6. Cardiovascular system Pulmonary hypertension Cardiovascular system tumors 7. Respiratory tract tumors 8. Gastrointestinal tract Congenital disorders Infectious gastroenteritis Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Intestinal tumors Salivary glands Exocrine pancreas and gallbladder 9. Urinary system Kidney masses Lower urinary tract 10. Male reproductive system 11. Female genital tract 12. Breast 13. Endocrine organs Pituitary gland Adrenal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Endocrine pancreas...
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Anemia

Anemia Updated: 07/13/2024 © Jun Wang, MD, PhD   General features Decrease in red cell mass Hemoglobin: Levels of hemoglobin in a specific volume of whole blood Hematocrit: Fraction of whole blood composed of red blood cells Red cell count: Quantity of red cell in a specific volume of whole blood Three major groups based on RBC sizes Microcytic Normocytic Macrocytic Three major causes Blood loss: acute or chronic Increased red cell destruction: hemolysis Reduced production: marrow failure due to genetic abnormality or nutritional deficiency Etiology Genetic abnormality Hemoglobinopathies RBC cytoskeletal abomorlities Enzyme abnormalities Fanconi anemia Nutritional deficiencies: iron, VB12, folate, general malnutrition Physical etiologies: trauma, burns, frostbite, prosthetic valves, etc Chronic diseases: chronic infections, neoplasia, autoimmune disorders, kidney or liver diseases, etc Infectious diseases: hepatitis, sepsis , malaria, e...
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Lymphoid neoplasms

Lymphocytic neoplasms Updated: 05/17/2020 © Jun Wang, MD, PhD Terminology Lymphoma : Proliferations forming discrete tissue masses Leukemia : Widespread involvement of the bone marrow and usually the peripheral blood Any "lymphoma" can present with or evolve to a leukemic picture, and any "leukemia" can occasionally present with a mass lesion Other hematology terms Important risk factors Immunodeficiency (primary or secondary) Autoimmune disorders Viruses (HIV, KSHV/HHV8, HTLV-1) H. pylori infection Radiation Chemotherapy Diagnostic approaches Complete history, especially those with possible epidemic characters, such as Burkitt lymphoma CBC, Bone marrow Morphology/immunohistochemistry Immunofluorescence flow cytometry Cytogenetic studies Molecular studies Commonly used markers All lymphomas: CD45 B-cell neoplasms: CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD79a, CD23, bcl2, bcl6, cyclin D1, light chai...
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