Horseshoe kidney

Horseshoe kidney
Updated: 10/03/2018
© Jun Wang, MD, PhD

General features
  • Most common congenital kidney anomaly
  • Most common fused at lower poles
  • If complete fusion: pancake kidney (formless mass in the pelvis)
  • May have anomalous superior vena cava
  • May develop cancers, renal cell CA most common, followed by urothelial CA and sarcoma
  • Risks for Wilms tumor and carcinoid
Key pathogenesis
  • Unclear
  • Mechanical fusion: Touch and fusion
  • Teratogenic: Abnormal migration of nephrogenic cells
Clinical features
  • Commonly asymptomatic
  • Hydronephrosis common
  • Symptoms associated with obstruction, stones, infection
  • Urinary tract infection: Most common symptom in children
Diagnosis
  • Sonography
  • Voiding cystourethrogram for vesicoureteral reflux
Evaluations
  • Renal function




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