Endometriosis and adenomyosis

Endometriosis and adenomyosis 

Updated: 12/16/2020

© Jun Wang, MD, PhD

General features
  • Benign endometrial mucosa (glands and stroma) in locations outside uterine cavity
  • Chronic inflammatory, estrogen-dependent disease
  • Reproductive age with active hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis function
  • Most common site: ovaries
  • Adenomyosis: benign endometrial tissue in myometrium
  • Associated with endometrioid type and clear cell type ovarian adenocarcinoma
Clinical presentations
  • Pain (dysmenorrhea)
  • Infertility
Key pathogenesis
    • 4 hypothesis
    • Regurgitation: Expulsion of endometrial tissue along fallopian tube during menstruation
    • Benign metastasis: Spread of benign endometrial tissue in a similar means of tumor metastasis
    • Extrauterine stem/progenitor cells: Extrauterine stem/progenitor cell differentiation in to endometrial tissue
    • Metaplasia: Transformation of other type of tissue into endometrial tissue
    Key pathological findings
    Molecular abnormalities
    • May harbor PTEN and ARID1A mutation
    Treatment
    • Hormonal: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, progestins, oral contraceptive pills, and androgens
    • Surgery


    Back to female genital tract
    Back to contents

    Comments

    Post a Comment

    Popular posts from this blog

    Contents

    Pathology notes Jun Wang, MD, PhD 1. General information Frequently discussed syndromes Terms of dermatology Terms of hematology 2. Primary immunodeficiency disorders 3. Hemodynamic abnormalities Shock Thrombosis and embolism Bleeding disorders 4.  Benign blood cell disorders Anemia Benign white cell disorders 5. Hematopoietic neoplasms Lymphoid neoplasms Myeloid neoplasms Histiocytic neoplasms: Langerhans cell histiocytosis 6. Cardiovascular system Pulmonary hypertension Cardiovascular system tumors 7. Respiratory tract tumors 8. Gastrointestinal tract Congenital disorders Infectious gastroenteritis Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Intestinal tumors Salivary glands Exocrine pancreas and gallbladder 9. Urinary system Kidney masses Lower urinary tract 10. Male reproductive system 11. Female genital tract 12. Breast 13. Endocrine organs Pituitary gland Adrenal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Endocrine pancreas...
    Read more

    Anemia

    Anemia Updated: 07/13/2024 © Jun Wang, MD, PhD   General features Decrease in red cell mass Hemoglobin: Levels of hemoglobin in a specific volume of whole blood Hematocrit: Fraction of whole blood composed of red blood cells Red cell count: Quantity of red cell in a specific volume of whole blood Three major groups based on RBC sizes Microcytic Normocytic Macrocytic Three major causes Blood loss: acute or chronic Increased red cell destruction: hemolysis Reduced production: marrow failure due to genetic abnormality or nutritional deficiency Etiology Genetic abnormality Hemoglobinopathies RBC cytoskeletal abomorlities Enzyme abnormalities Fanconi anemia Nutritional deficiencies: iron, VB12, folate, general malnutrition Physical etiologies: trauma, burns, frostbite, prosthetic valves, etc Chronic diseases: chronic infections, neoplasia, autoimmune disorders, kidney or liver diseases, etc Infectious diseases: hepatitis, sepsis , malaria, e...
    Read more

    Lymphoid neoplasms

    Lymphocytic neoplasms Updated: 05/17/2020 © Jun Wang, MD, PhD Terminology Lymphoma : Proliferations forming discrete tissue masses Leukemia : Widespread involvement of the bone marrow and usually the peripheral blood Any "lymphoma" can present with or evolve to a leukemic picture, and any "leukemia" can occasionally present with a mass lesion Other hematology terms Important risk factors Immunodeficiency (primary or secondary) Autoimmune disorders Viruses (HIV, KSHV/HHV8, HTLV-1) H. pylori infection Radiation Chemotherapy Diagnostic approaches Complete history, especially those with possible epidemic characters, such as Burkitt lymphoma CBC, Bone marrow Morphology/immunohistochemistry Immunofluorescence flow cytometry Cytogenetic studies Molecular studies Commonly used markers All lymphomas: CD45 B-cell neoplasms: CD5, CD10, CD19, CD20, CD79a, CD23, bcl2, bcl6, cyclin D1, light chai...
    Read more