Nonspecific inflammatory disorders of oral cavity

Nonspecific inflammatory disorders of oral cavity 

Updated: 02/12/2021

© Jun Wang, MD, PhD

Gingivitis
  • Usually due to poor oral hygiene
  • May be associated with scurvy, endocrine alterations (teenagers, pregnancy), disseminated tuberculosis, phenytoin or other drugs
  • Painless inflammation of gingiva around gingival sulci or cuff surrounding each tooth, due to bacterial plaque
  • Dental plaque: Mixture of proteinaceous debris and bacteria, may be calcified
Periodontitis
  • Alveolar bone destruction
  • May lead to tooth loss if progressive
  • Due to recurrent and continuous gingivitis 
  • Pockets around teeth > 3 mm in depth
  • Management: Surgery, brushing and flossing
Aphthous ulcer
  • Common, especially in people younger than 20
  • Painful, recurrent 
  • Shallow small ulcer with well defined border
  • Unknown etiology and pathogenesis
  • May be associated with other immune disorders
  • Clinical diagnosis
  • Usually resolve spontaneously
Irritation fibroma
  • Reactive process
  • Due to chronic local irritation/trauma
  • Commonly buccal mucosa along bite line or gingivodental margin
  • Firm polypoid growth

(Image credit: Librepath [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)])
Herpes
Candidiasis
  • Most common fungal infection
  • Associated with due to antibiotics, diabetes, immunosuppression
  • Three forms
Pseudomembranous: White membrane
Erythematous: Erythematous areas
Hyperplastic: Raised area
  • Fungal hyphae identified by pathological examination
  • Treatment: Antifungal agents (fluconazole, etc)

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